Method of making transparent models for anatomical study.



H. MURAYAMA. METHOD OF MAKING TRANSPARENT MODELS FOR ANATOMIGAL STUDY.

' APPLICATION FILED 001217, 1913.

1,104,067. Patented July 21,191L

My ig imw ATTORNEY UNITED STATES PATENT omen.

HASHIME MURAYAMA, OF NEW YORK; N. Y.

METHOD OF MAKING TRANSPARENT MODELS FOR ALfATbMICAL STUDY.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Application filed October 17, 1913. Serial no. 795,811

To all whom it may concern Be it known that I, HASHIME MURAYAMA,

i a-subject of the Emperor of Japan, residing in, the city, county, and State of New York, have made a certain new and useful Invention in Methods of Making Transparent Models for Anatomical Study, of which the following is a specification.

This invention relates to a method of making transparent models for use in studymg anatomical specimens, tissue, cells, or the like.

method of making transparent models for the use of students and others in studying anatomicalspecimens, tissues, cell structures, or the like.

A further object is to provide a method of making 'models of the nature referred to whereby such models may be produced rapidly and economically. d

Other objects of the invention will appear more fully hereinafter.

mode of procedure hereinafter more fully set forth and finally pointed out in the apand pended claims.

. In the study of anatomy it is common, practice to make up specimens of particular parts to be studied by cutting such parts into minute section, that is, in parallel planes of minute distances apart, and suitably mount each section upon a glass or other support for study under the microscope. By reason of the 'difliculty in securing such sections or specimens, and of study ing the same under a microscope the availability thereof for' students, or classes or others is very much prescribed; It has been proposed to reproduce specimen sections ofthe character referred to in enlarged drawings on glass plates and to assemble the plates in serial order, each having a, drawing of a section of specimentaken at a different line orwin a different plane from the others, and so related and arranged as to give a perspective L outline of the entire organ or part to be studied. The methods heretofore employedvin the production of such models have been exceedingly tedious and expens1ve, requiring special artistic skill to produce each drawing and days of time to complete the same, and by reason thereof they have not come into such general use as their value and importance demand.

The object of the invention is to provide a' The invention consists substantially in the together, fiatwise against each. other-- of any desired organ or portion ofthebody,

objects I will describe it as well as of other for illustrative purposes, as. applied to human brain. specimens.

In carrying out my invention I first select the specimens, sectioned and mounted as above explained, and under ordinarv .circumstances,'I have found that it is suficient, where the organ, tissue, cell or portion concerned is sectioned or divided into, say, one hundred sections, to emplpy every tenth or twentieth section in making up' a model. The important thing is to insure that the en- Patented July 21, 1914 eflicient, and whereby such models may belargements of the drawings shall preserve the same ratio of nal organ, the particular serial sections employed may .vary according to the requirements, so long as the proper serial relation throughout the entire object is preserved. Each individual specimen section thus selected is then projected, or the enlarged image thereof is pro je'cted by any suitable projecting apparatus onto a sheet of specially prepared paper, and the outlines of the projected image of the section specimen, and of its essential parts, is then traced upon the paper in india ink or other material suitable for the productionof a drawing. directly from which a negat-ive or a negative print or negative plate may be made in the usual way, such for instance,

tial to preserve the same degree of enlarge: ment for all the sections composing the entire set employed. Each original 'section or specimen isthen examined under a micro scope if necessary and the details thereof filled in on the outline drawing, distinctive.

if desired, to bring colors being employed,

out in the drawing the various tracts, ducts conformation as the origicell or portion, and consequently as by the collodion method; I

vIn making this outline drawing it is essenloo or-other desired characteristics of the specimen. I then takeplates of transparent material, such for instance, as glass, and reproduce' thereon the enlarged drawings from I tinic light rays,

'mitted to out this step of the operation the negative plate is superimposed on the sensitize however, will vary electricarc or other artificialsource of ac- As a result of the exposure of the .nega tive plate upon the sensitized surface of the glass plate a faint impression or image of the drawing becomes visible on the sensitized surface of the glass plate when the negative plate is removed. The glass plate is then immersed in freshwater for a few minutes. This causes the image of the drawing to become set upon the surface of the plate while the coating or film, or that portion thereof which was not afiected by the actinic light rays becomes considerably swollen. By slightly agitating the glass plate in the water, or by means of cotton, wool or a camels hair brush, that portion of the coating which was not affected by the actinic light rays is removed from the sur face of the glass plate. This causes the image of the reproduced drawing which, before, was only faintly discernible to become more or less conspicuous owing to the surrounding clean surface of the glass. The glass plate is then dried in any convenient manner and the reproduced image of the enlarged section drawing appearing on the plate is tinted or colored as required or as occasion may call for. This tinting or color-' ing operation is accomplished in the same manner that the retouching of photographs is carried out. If permanency of coloring is desired a proper mordant is employed. In this case it is preferable to employ coloring material the mordant of which contains alum, chrome-alum, bichromate, or tannin, or like agents which will exert a hardening influence on the image.

It will be readily seen that as many glass plates may be employed with each negative plate as may be desired that is, each negative plate image may be reproduced on as many glass plates as there are difierent models to be produced without incurring any more expense than that involved in ordinary photo reproduction or printing and the manipulation of ordinary retouching of photo negatives;

The glass plates having the enlarged reproduced image of the anatomical specimen section produced thereon as above described are'now ready to be assembled to form the complete model. The model is made up of as many glass plates each containing a reproduced picture of a different section 0 th specimen, as may be necessary to include the entire area or volume of the anatomical or other object to be studied, the various plates being placed fiatwise upon each other in therequired serial order and preserving the .proper serial relation. The assembled plates are then bound together in fixed relation to each other in any suitable manner the negatives above mentioned. The transparent plates should be carefully and specially selected as to the quality and fitness thereof for the purposes in view, and in order to secure the best results in the completed model. Each plate is first treated in the preparation thereof, by applying thereto a solution of the following ingredients and in substantially the-proportions stated, namely: calcium carbonate 100 parts, 95% alcohol 250 parts, ammonia 250 parts, water 250 parts. This solution may be applied to the surface of the plate in any suitable manner, such, for instance, as rubbing the same over the surface of the plate. After the application of the solution as above pointed out, I next apply to the surface of the plate a solution of the following ingredients in about the proportions stated, namely: iodin 1 part,95% alcohol 250 parts.

T o the surface of each plate, after being treated as above described, I next apply thereto a colloidal or sensitized coating or film; This coating or film may be applied in any suitable or convenient manner, the important thing to be observedbeing that the coating or film be applied uniformly over the surface of the glass plate, that is the coating or film should be of uniform thickness. I have found that a coating or film composition made up of fish glue or ordinary commercial Le Page gli1e, 80 grams thewhites of two eggs and water 120 cubic centimeters thoroughly mixed together having nine grams of ammonium bichromate dissolved therein will well answer the purpose, but in respect to the exact composition of the colloidal or, sensitized material, or the exact proportion of ingredients, my invention is not to be limited or restricted, as other suitable compositions and other proportions might well answer the purpose. After the application of the coating or film as above explained, it is perdry in any suitable or convenient manner, and the plate is thenready to be used in reproductionof the'enlarged draw ing, above explained, from the negative plate produced as described. In carrying plate and sub ectedto the action of the acfor the required length of time to accomp ish the desired results. If the direct sunlight is employed I have found that in the latitude of New York city, for instance, an exposure of from two to five minutes is sufficient. The time of exposure, according to latitudes as In case an well as the seasonof the year.

tinic light is employed, the length of exposure orm. Of course my inmay be umf use, the enlarged reproduced perspective vention is not to outline of the entire organ to be studied in. successive cross sections, being presented to be limited or restricted in respect to the length of time of exposure.

and the model is completed and ready for with reference to the negative plate so asto conform to the physical exterior contourof the object under investigation at the to said drawing No. 2.

. set are taken.

point where the sectional picture thereof is takenwith reference to such contour at the points where other sectionpictures of the To accomplish this the glass plate for the first section of the specimen which I will call drawing N o. 1,is produced as above explained. This plate which I will call late No. lisnow superimposed upon the drawing or negative plate of the next section in order, which I will call drawing No. 2. j By means of a photograph of the organ itself and suitable surface measurements obtained therefrom, the required displacement of the image on Plate No. 2 with reference to that of plate No. 1, to produce the required successive or serial relation of the gnages on plates No. 1 and N o. 2 in the ed model is easily obtained, and the plate N o. 1 so superimposed on drawing No. 2 is corresporrdingly adjusted with reference Since all the glass plates are'required to be of exactly the same dimensions the roper relative position of adjustment of p ate No. 1 on drawmg N o.

2 is indicated on drawing'No. 2 by angle marks at the four cornersof said,plate No. 1,-

which marks determine the exact position plate No.-2, should occupy with reference to drawing No. 2, when the image depicted on drawing N o. 2 is to be" transferred to plate No. 2 after the latter has been treatedcand coatedas above described.

Similarly, plate No. 2 is ad usted on drawing No. 3 in order to ascertain and'fix the proper position of 7 v plate-N o. 3 when the latter is applied to said drawing No. 3, and ,soon throughout the entire series. a

In the accompanying drawing I have shown a. transparent model constructed in accordancewith my invention, and have indicated the method employed in producing the same,"and wherein- Figure-l is-a-faceview of a completedmodel. Fig. 2 is a transverse section of the same on the line 2,2, Fig. l, the superposed platesbeingbroken. 3 is'a view showing a portion of abrain. .Fig. ,4 is a diagram showing the method of sectioningan anatomical specimen to be studied. a

.. As above described the anatomical specimen, such, for nstancaas a portion of the brain, indicated at 5, is sliced transversely at various points, as indicated by the lines A B, C D, Fig. 3. Ordinarilythese slices are made a definitetpredetermined distance apart, say, for example one one-hundredth of an inch apart, and in making up the model every tenth section is taken for photographi reproduction as above explained, each plate 6 of fllecompleted model carrying an enlarged pictorial reproduction of one of the sections, the completed, model built up as described giving-a skeleton outline of the entire body of the specimen study.

From the foregoing description it will beseen that. I provide an exceedingly simple and inexpensive method of maklng transparent models for use in the study of anatomical subjects which brings such models within the easy reach of students or otherv investigators, and that each model is made up of successive serial outline drawings orpictures on transparent plates assembled together in such manner as to present to the eye the entire outline and body of the organ to be studied.

.Hving now set forth the object and'nature of my invention and the method involved, what I -claim as new and useful and of my own invention and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is,-

I. The method of .making transparent models for use in studying anatomical speci-' mens which consists in tracing on paper the outlines of enlarged views of thespecimen, then reproducing photographica-lly the enlarged tracings on transparent plates, and finally assembling the transparent plates in successive serial order to form the completed model.

, 2. The method which consists in tracing the outlines of successive serial uniformly enlarged sectional views of an anatomical i specimen, then photographically' reproducing the enlarged tracings on transparent plates, and finally assemblingthe plates in the successive serial order of the original sectional views to form the completed model.

3. Ther method which consists in tracing the outlines of successive serial uniformly enlarged sectional views of an anatomical specimen, then supplying the respective enlarged tracings with'details of the several specimen sections, then photographically re-' producing the enlarged tracings on transparent plates, and finally'assembling the plates in the successive serial order "of the original sectional views to form the completed model. 4. The method whichconsists in tracing successiveserial uniformly enlarged sectional views of an anatomical specimen, then producing photographic-negatives from said tracings, then reproducing photographically plates and photographically reproducing said tracings thereon, and finally assembling the transparent plates in the serial order of the original sectional views to form the completed model.

8. The method which consists in tracing serially successive uniformly enlarged sectional views of an the negative images upon transparent plates and finally assembling sa-id plates in serial order to form the completed model.

5. The method which consists in tracing successive serial uniformly enlarged sectional views of an anatomical specimen, then producing photographic negatives from said tracings, then adjusting sensitized transparent plates upon said negatives to conform to the relation of said sectional views, and subjecting the same to the action of actinic light rays, and finally assembling the transparent plates in serial order.

6. The method which consists in tracing successive serial uniformly enlarged sectional views of an anatomical specimen, then producing photographic negatives from said tracings, then photographically reproducing on transparent plates the images from said anatomical specimen, then applying a sensitized coating to transparent plates and superimposing the same on said tracings and subjecting the'same to the action of actinic light rays, then removing the portion of the coating not affected by the light rays, and finally assembling the plates in the serial order of the original sectional views to form the completed model.

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand in the presence of the subscribing witnesses, on this 10th day of October A. 1).,

negatives, and finally assembling said plates 1913;

in the serial order of said sectional views.

7. The method which consists in tracing HASHlM-E MURAYAMA' successive serial uniformly enlarged sec- Witnesses:

tional views of an anatomical specimen, then S. E. DARBY,

applying a sensitized coating to transparent G. A. MCGRATH. 

